Interesting, thanks for spending time on this! 
Our manifest file contains:
<asmv3:application>
<asmv3:windowsSettings xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/SMI/2005/WindowsSettings">
<dpiAware>True/PM</dpiAware>
</asmv3:windowsSettings>
</asmv3:application>
So it's a little different, but I think this is the right value to specify for per-monitor dpi support, which is also what we specify in the .config file (but as things differ per machine, I have no idea what to believe anymore....
)
What I wondered is: do you use a multimonitor setup on the machines that didn't work and not at home (or vice versa) ?
The thing is... the 'Start' label on the home screen which is all botched up in the home tab in the screenshot is defined as:
this.labelControl2.Appearance.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI Light", 18F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
this.labelControl2.Appearance.Options.UseFont = true;
this.labelControl2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 12);
this.labelControl2.Name = "labelControl2";
this.labelControl2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(46, 32);
this.labelControl2.TabIndex = 1;
this.labelControl2.Text = "Start";
So it does specify the font (the code above is from the .designer file btw), the only thing perhaps is that it's inside a devexpress PanelControl. (all the elements are).
A simple dialog, e.g. renaming an entity in our designer, does that dialog look ok? If not we could do some testing and build a variant that uses different approaches. (We use XtraUserControls on most tabs/complicated dialogs, have AutoScaleMode set to 'Font').
I still think it's a matter of either specific system aspects or timings, i.e. that the information to determine scaling comes in too late for devexpress to use as it already has laid out the controls on the form/scaled things accordingly.